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　　Early or Later Day Care
　　The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive"attachment"period from birth to three may scar a child's personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby's work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails,and many people do believe this.But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.
　　Firstly,anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies.For example,in some tribal societies,such as the Ngoni,the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone-far from it.Secondly,common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents,care-takers found children had problems with it.Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out,and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children's development.But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue.
　　But Bowlby's analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects.The possibility that such care might lead to,say,more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics.Whatever the long-term effects,parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with.Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness.At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy,and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time.The matter,then,is far from clear-cut,though experience and available evidence indicate that early care is reasonable for infants.
　　1、Which of the following is derivable from Bowlby's work?
　　A.mothers should not send their children to day care centers until they are three years or older.
　　B.Day care nurseries have positive effects on a child's development.
　　C.A child sent to a day care center before the age of three may have emotional problems in later life.
　　D.Day care would not be so popular if it has noticeable effects on a child's personality.
　　参考答案：A
　　2、Which of the following statements would Bowlby support?
　　A.Statistical studies should be carried out to assess the positive effect of day care for children at the age of three or older.www.yingyusanji.com
　　B.Early day care can delay the occurrence of mental illness in children.
　　C.The first three years of one's life is extremely important to the later development of personality.
　　D.Children under three get used to the life at nursery schools more readily than children over three.
　　参考答案：C
　　3、Which of the following statements is NOT an argument against Bowlby's theory?
　　A.many studies show that day care has a positive effect on children's development.
　　B.Day care is safe,otherwise there wouldn't be so many nursery schools.
　　C.Separation from parent for very young children is common in some traditional societies.
　　D.Parents find the immediate effects of early day care difficult to deal with.
　　参考答案：D
　　4、Which of the following best expresses the writer's attitude towards early day care?
　　A.Children under three should stay with heir parents.
　　B.Early day care has positive effects on children's development.
　　C.The issue is controversial and its settlement calls for the use of statistics.
　　D.The effects of early day care on children are exaggerated and parents should ignore the issue.
　　参考答案：C
　　5、It is suggested that modern societies differ from traditional societies in that
　　A.the parents-child relationship is more exclusive in modern societies.
　　B.a child more often grows up with his/her brothers or sisters in traditional societies.
　　C.mother brings up children with the help of her husband in traditional societies.
　　D.children in modern societies are more likely to develop mental illness in later years.
　　参考答案：A
　　参考译文：
　　早晚日托
　　英国精神分析家约翰·鲍尔比坚持认为，从出生到三岁这段敏感的“依恋”时期，与父母的分离可能会伤及孩子的性格，并在以后的生活中产生情感问题。有些人从鲍比的工作中得出结论，孩子不应该在三岁之前接受日托，因为这会导致父母分离，许多人确实相信这一点。但是，也有人反对这样一个强有力的结论。
　　首先，人类学家指出，在现代社会中，孩子和父母之间绝缘的爱情在传统社会中并不存在。例如，在一些部落社会，如恩戈尼，孩子的父亲和母亲并不独自抚养他们的婴儿，远非如此。其次，常识告诉我们，如果父母、看护者发现孩子有问题，日托就不会如此普遍。这类统计研究尚未开展，而且他们一致报告日托对儿童的发展具有中性或稍微积极的影响。但是，必须用来测量这种发展的测试还没有被广泛接受以解决这个问题。
　　但是鲍比的分析增加了早期日托延缓疗效的可能性。这种护理在15或20年后可能导致更多的精神疾病或犯罪的可能性只能通过统计学来探讨。无论长期影响如何，父母有时发现难以应对的直接影响。三岁以下的孩子可能会抗议离开父母，表现出不快乐。在三岁或三岁半的时候，几乎所有的孩子都觉得过渡到托儿所很容易，这无疑就是为什么现在越来越多的父母利用托儿所的原因。尽管经验和现有证据表明早期护理对婴儿是合理的，但问题远未明确。