over under 正上下，低高 below 与 above

　　The temperature in the room is below (or under) 30℃.室温是摄氏30度以下。(数量词两者皆可)

　　Do you have anything in the way of computers below (under) $10000?你们有哪些价格低于10000美元的计算机?(数量词两者皆可〕

　　beyond 超出、无、不能

　　例：It's quite beyond me (It is more than I can understand). 这我完全不懂。

　　Don't stay out beyond 10 o'clock. 不要在外呆到10点以后还不回家。

　　But the gratitude from the bottom of my heart to the students and my old colleagues, has gone beyond my control. 发自肺腑的对学生们和我的老同事们的感激之心使我毫不紧张，毫不拘束;

　　Your work is beyond all praise, so good that it can't be praised enough.你的成绩是赞扬不尽的。

　　That is going beyond a joke, passes the limits of what is reasonable as a joke.那样开玩笑太过火了。

　　They were touched beyond words. 他们被感动得无法形容。(无)

　　To do this was quite beyond all doubts. 办这事我无能为力。(超出)

　　This is inevitable and beyond all doubts. 这是必然的，毫无疑义的。(无)

　　另外, Beyond two cottages stood his house.句子中的 beyond 是“那边”的意思。

　　against 靠着，对与反

　　例: In front of the wardrobe there are two upholstered armchairs arranged against the south wall near the door. 立柜前面是两把沙发椅，靠着南城门附近。(靠着)

　　She leaned wearily against the railings. 她疲惫地靠着栏杆站着。(靠着)

　　A new president was elected by a majority of 274 votes against 110.新总统以274票对110票的多数当选。 (对……)

　　besides, except 分内外，among 之内 along 沿

　　例：The design has many other advantages besides lower cost.除费用低外，该设计还有许多其他优点。(优点包括在内)

　　He had no time to prepare his lecture, besides which he was unwell.他没有时间准备讲稿，而且他的身体也不大舒适。

　　Every one of us, except her, went to see the exhibition. 除她外，我们都去参观了展览会。

　　He gets up early every day except Sunday. 除星期日外他每天早起。

　　Nobody was late except me. 除我以外，没人迟到。

　　同类比较 except，加 for 异类记心间。

　　He's composition is good, except for some spelling mistakes.他的这篇作文写得很好，只是有几处拼写错误。(非同类比较用 except for)

　　She was all alone in the world except for an old aunt. 除了有一个老姑妈，她别无亲人。

　　Anna felt disappointed when she found out they had gone swimming without her. (without = except) 当安娜发现除她外，他们都去游泳了，她感到很失望。

　　Lion Head Hill is not worth seeing except for its old temples.除了那些古寺以外，狮头山没什么可看的。

　　Among other things, we are interested in drawing.我们对图画和别的一些东西很感兴趣。(among 之内即包括在内)

　　原状 because of, owing to, due to 表语形容词

　　例：Owing to our joint efforts, the task was fulfilled ahead of schedule.由于我们的共同努力，任务提前完成了。

　　注：Owing to 和 because of 都做原因状语，而 due to 只能做表语形容词。所以此句。owing to 的介词短语做原因状语。

　　All our achievements are due to the correct leadership of our Party.我们的一切成绩都归功于党。(due to 做表语形容词)

　　Under 后接修、建中，of，from 物化分

　　例：The road is under repair now.这条路正在修建中。

　　The new railway is still under construction. 新铁路尚在修筑中。(不能用 in)

　　under discussion 在讨论中(不能用 in) under considerate 在考虑中(不能用 in)

　　The desk is made of wood. 桌子是木头做的。(物理变化用 of)

　　The wine is made from grape. 这种酒是用葡萄酿造的。(化学变化用 from)

　　The bridge is made of steel. 这座桥是钢制的。(物理变化)

　　Steel is made from iron. 钢是由铁炼成的。(化学变化)

　　before, after 表一点，ago, later 表示一段

　　即 before, after 常表示一个点的时间状语，而 ago，later 常表示一段的时间状语。

　　例如：前天 the day before yesterday; 前年 the year before last; 大上星期 the week before last 等等都表示点状语的。

　　要想准确无误地使用好 before 和 ago, after 和 later 比较困难，但要是以“点”和“段”来区别就容易得多。

　　例：晚饭前 before supper

　　解放前 before liberation

　　1970 年前 before 1970

　　文革前 before cultural revolution

　　国庆前 before National Day

　　入大学前 before coming to college

　　这些都是“点”状语，因为1970年前即1970年1月1日前。国庆节即10月1日前。

　　ago 表示一段时间。

　　例：一分钟前 a minute ago

　　半小时前 half an hour ago

　　两天前 two days ago

　　一星期前 a week ago

　　五年前 five years ago

　　因为 a minute, half an hour, two days, a week, five years 等都表示一段时间，所以用 ago。以及 ten days later 等皆如此。

　　before 可接完成时，ago 过去级有限

　　这时的 before 是连词(也可做介词)

　　例：We had scarcely left our school before it began to rain.我们刚离开学校，天就下雨了。(完成时)

　　I had studied French for four months before I came here.我来这儿以前就已学了四个月法语了。(before 接完成时)

　　He fell ill three days ago.他病了三天了。(ago 则只能接动词过去式，同时注意瞬间动词的问题。)

　　He left two months ago. 两个月前他离开了。(同上)

　　I met her a few minutes ago. 我在几分钟前碰到他了。(同上)

　　Since 以来 during 间，since 时态多变换。与之相比 beside, 除了 last but one。

　　即 beside 的一般用法是“在……旁边”, 但还有“和……相比”等特殊用法。

　　例：I felt so weak in spoken English beside them. 和他们相比，我感到我的口语太差。

　　Beside work and study, all else was trivial. 同工作和学习比起来，其他一切都是小事。

　　除了 last but one，即 but 多指“除了”的意思，也有“倒数第几”的意思。last but one 即不是最后一个。

　　例：I haven't told anybody but one. 除了我爱人，我谁也没告诉。(除了)

　　Who but a fool would study foreign language well if he is a hard working one.如果他勤奋好学的话，除了傻瓜谁都能学好外语。(除了)

　　Look at the last page but one. 请看倒数第2页。

　　He was the last but three in maths examination this time. 他这次数学考试成绩倒数第四。

　　They live in the next house but one. 他们住在隔壁过去一家。

　　复不定 for、找，价，原，对，给，段，去，为，作，赞

　　复不定 for，即用 for 引出的不定式复合结构，也就是 for 加名(代)加不定式;找，意为找到，提供; 价，意为价格、工资;原，意为原因;段，意为时间或距离; 去，意为去某地或开往某地;作，意为作为; 赞，意为赞成(用于系表结构。)

　　例：It is high time for us to start. 我们不该再迟延了。

　　The most urgent thing is for us to get the preparation done.最重要的事情是我们要把准备工作做好。

　　I don't think it advisable for him to study medicine. 我想她学医不适合。

　　Your parents and relatives are anxious for you to go to college.你的父母和亲戚渴望你上大学。

　　My home town has changed too much for me to recognize.我的家乡变化太大，简直认不出来了。

　　以上例句都是 for 在不定式复合结构中的用法。

　　Someone is asking for you on the telephone. 有人找你接电话。(找)

　　You'd better write to me for more information about it.如需更多这方面的资科和信息，你最好给我写信。(提问，索要)

　　They worked in the company for 200 yuan a month. 他们在这个公司干活，每月嫌200元。(价格)

　　How much did you pay for the second-hand colour TV? 这台用过的彩电你花了多少钱?(价格)

　　Thank you very much for your coming. 谢谢您的光临。(原因)

　　Thank you for your warm hospitality. 谢谢您的热情款待。(原因)

　　Forgive me for being tardy. 请原谅我迟到了。(原因)

　　I'm much obliged to you for telling me. 非常感谢你给我谈了这个情况。(原因)

　　We have boundless admiration for your struggle. 对你们的斗争我们无限钦佩。(对)

　　Listening comprehension materials are good for training our minds.听力材料对训练我们的脑子很有好处。(对)

　　Take the bitter medicine. It's good for you. 吃下这药吧，对你有好处。(对)

　　There is a telegram for Mr. Wang. 这有一份王先生的电报。(给)

　　May I use it for a minute? 我用一会儿好吗?(一段时间)

　　I followed the stealer for some distance. 我跟踪那个小偷一段路。(一段距离)

　　The ship was for Dalian. 这破船开往大连。(去某地)

　　We are off for Shanghai tomorrow. 明天我们去上海。(去某地)

　　The medicine is for reducing your temperature. 这药是退烧的。(为……目的)

　　After breakfast, I'll go for a stroll round the town.吃完饭我要在城里到处走走。(为……目的)

　　I'll keep the lighter given by a foreign friend for a souvenir.我要把外宾送给我的打火机作为纪念。(作为)

　　It is only meant for a joke. 这只是当笑话说说罢了。(作为)

　　We are all for cutting down the cost of production. 我们都赞成降低生产成本。(赞成)。