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高中英语阅读理解技巧解析:主旨大意题,细节理解题,推理判断等题一网打尽

英语月报2019-02-20 16:46

  三、推理判断题

  主要考查学生对文章中隐含或深层的含意的理解能力。它要求考生根据文章内容做出合乎逻辑的推断,包括考生对作者观点的理解,态度的判断,对修辞、语气、隐含意思等的理解。题干关键词:infer(推断),

  indicate(象征,暗示), imply/suggest(暗示), conclude(作出结论), assume(假定,设想).

  1.细节推理判断题

  一般可根据短文提供的信息或借助生活常识进行推理判断,常见命题形式有:

  It can be inferred/ concluded from the text that __________.

  The author implies/ suggests that_____.

  We may infer that _________.

  Which of the following statements is implied but NOT stated?

  2.预测推理判断题

  根据语篇对文章接下来的内容或可能的结局进行猜测,常见命题形式有: What do you think will happen if/when…?

  At the end of this passage, the writer might continue to write_____

  3.推测文章来源或读者对象

  常见命题形式有:

  The passage is probably take out of_____

  The passage would most likely be found in_____

  Where does this text probably come from?

  4.写作意图、目的、态度推断题

  作者的语气态度往往不会直接写在文章里,只能通过细读文章,从作者的选词及其修饰手段中体会出来。

  询问写作目的的题,选项里常出现的词是:explain(解释), prove (证明), persuade(劝说), advise(劝告), comment(评论), praise(赞扬), criticize(批评), entertain(娱乐), demonstrate(举例说明), argue(辩论), tell(讲述), analyze(分析)等。

  询问语气态度的题,选项里常出现的词是:neutral(中立的), sympathetic(同情的), satisfied(满意的), friendly(友好的), enthusiastic(热情的), subjective(主观的), objective(客观的), matter-of-fact(实事求是的), pessimistic(悲观的), optimistic(乐观的), critical(批评的), doubtful(怀疑的), hostile(敌对的), indifferent(冷淡的), disappointed(失望的)。

  常见命题形式有:

  The purpose of the text is_____

  What is the main purpose of the author writing the text? By mentioning…, the author aims to show that_____

  What is the author’s attitude towards…?

  What is the author’s opinion on…?

  The author’s tone in this passage is _____.

  解答技巧

  推断题是考查学生透过文章表面的文字信息进行分析、综合、归纳等逻辑推理的能力。推理和判断必须以事实为依据,切莫主观臆断。

  ①那些文章中直接陈述的内容不能选,要选择根据文章推理出来的选项。

  ②推理不是凭空猜测,而是立足已知推断未知;作出正确答案时一定要在文中找到依据或理由。

  ③要忠实于原文,以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。不能以自己的观点代替作者的想法;不要脱离原文主观臆断。

  四、词义猜测题

  考点:

  ①猜测某个词、词组、句子的意义

  ②对文中的多义词或词组进行定义

  ③判断某个代词的指代的对象。常见命题形式有:

  The underlined word/phrase in the second paragraph means _____.

  The word “it/they” in the last sentence refers to______.

  The word “…”(Line 6. para.2)probably means ______.

  The word “…”(Line 6. para.2)could best be replaced by which of the following?

  Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “…” ?

  解答技巧

  1.通过因果关系猜词通过因果关系猜词

  首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系,然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词(如because,as,since,for,so,thus,as a result,of course,therefore等等)表示前因后果。

  例如:You shouldn't have blamed him for that,for it wasn't his fault. 通过for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的错),可猜出blame的词义是"责备"。

  2.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词

  通过同义词猜词,一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组,如happy and gay,即使我们不认识gay这个词,也可以知道它是愉快的意思;二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词,如Man has known something about the planets Venus,Mars,and Jupiter with the help of spaceships. 此句中的Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)均为生词,但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于"行星"这一义域。

  通过反义词猜词,一是看表转折关系的连词或副词,如but,while,however等;二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语,如:He is so homely,not at all as handsome as his brother.根据not at all...handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思,即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。

  3.通过构词法猜词

  根据前缀、后缀、复合、派生等构词知识判断生词词义。如:She is unlikely to have stolen the money. ( “un”含否定意义,故为“不太可能”之意。)

  4.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义

  例如:But sometimes,no rain falls for a long,long time. Then there is a dry period,or drought. 从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨,于是便有一段干旱的时期,即drought,由此可见drought意思为"久旱","旱灾"。而a dry period和drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is,or,that is,in other words,be called或破折号等来表示。

  5.通过句法功能来推测词义

  例如:Bananas,oranges,pineapples,coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生词,我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples,coconuts和bananas,oranges是同类关系,同属fruit类,因此它们是两样水果,准确地说,是菠萝和椰子。

  6.通过描述猜词

  描述即作者对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如:The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly,it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。

  7. 根据常识猜词

  如:The door was so low that he hit his head on the lintel.(lintel “过梁”。)

  Afraid of waking the baby up, she tiptoed out of the room.(tiptoed “踮着脚走,蹑手蹑脚”)

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