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　　二笔真题

　　来源：

　　“一带一路”倡议：实现金融互联互通的两个关键渠道 开幕致辞

　　So where there is financial connection, we see that rapid improvements in quality of life can quickly follow.

　　哪里形成了金融联系，当地的生活质量就会很快改善。

　　In our modern context, there are several important channels to achieving this greater financial connectivity. I want to highlight two today: increased capital mobility and increased financial inclusion.

　　在现代背景下，更深层次的金融互联互通可以通过几个重要渠道来实现。我今天想强调两个渠道：加强资本流动和改善金融包容性。

　　1. Increased Capital Mobility

　　1. 加强资本流动

　　First, enabling capital to flow more freely.

　　第一，确保资本更自由地流动。

　　Allowing capital to flow across borders can help support inclusive growth. How? By enhancing investments in infrastructure, manufacturing, and even health care.

　　允许资本跨境流动能帮助支持包容性增长。如何支持?通过促进基础设施、制造业甚至医疗行业的投资。

　　Right now, foreign direct investment —FDI — is only 1.9 percent of GDP in developing countries. Before the global financial crisis, it was at 2.5 percent. Making progress on major infrastructure needs will require capital flows to rise again and to be managed safely.

　　目前，发展中国家的外国直接投资(FDI)仅占GDP的1.9% ;而在全球金融危机之前，这个数字是2.5% 。为推进主要基础设施建设进展，需要再次增加资本流动规模，并以安全的方式对其进行管理。

　　Greater openness to capital flows can also bring down the cost of finance, improve the efficiency of the financial sector, and allow capital to support productive investments and new jobs.

　　对资本流动更加开放也能降低融资成本，提高金融部门效率，允许资本支持生产性投资和新增就业。

　　Thankfully, we know from experience the elements that are required for success. These include sound financial regulation, transparent rules for investment, and attention to fiscal sustainability.

　　幸运的是，我们从经验中获悉了成功所需的要素，包括完善的金融监管 、透明的投资规则以及关注财政可持续性。

　　2. Increased Financial Inclusion

　　2. 改善金融包容性

　　We also need increased financial inclusion — my second channel for a more effective BRI.

　　我们还需要改善金融包容性，这是我认为提升“一带一路”倡议有效性的第二个渠道。

　　A few numbers: close to half of the adult popu­lation in low and middle-income Asia-Pacific economies do not have a bank account. Less than 10 percent have ever borrowed from a financial institution.

　　这里列举几个数字：亚太地区中低收入经济体近一半的成年人口没有银行账户。 曾向金融机构借款的人口比重不到10%。

　　And yet, we know that closing the finance gap is an “economic must-have” for nations to thrive in the 21st century. IMF analysis shows that if the least financially inclusive countries in Asia narrowed the finance gap to the level of Thailand — an emerging market economy — the poverty rate in those countries could be reduced by nearly 4 percent.

　　然而我们知道，各国若要在21世纪繁荣发展，弥合金融缺口是一项“必须完成的经济任务”。国际货币基金组织的分析表明，如果亚洲金融包容性最弱的国家将金融缺口缩窄至泰国(一个新兴市场经济体)的水平，这些国家的贫困率能降低近4%。

　　How can we get there? In part, through policies that enable more women and rural citizens to access financial services. The financial gender gap for women in developing countries is about 9 percent and has remained largely unchanged since 2011。

　　如何实现这一目标?一方面，制定能使更多妇女和农村居民获得金融服务的政策。在发展中国家，妇女面临的金融性别缺口约为9%，且自2011年来基本保持不变。

　　There is no silver bullet, but we know that fintech can play a catalyzing role.

　　这个问题没有根治的良方，但我们知道金融科技能发挥催化作用。

　　In Cambodia, for example, strong public-private partnerships in supporting mobile finance has led to a tripling in the number of micro-financial institutions since 2011. These institutions have now provided loans to over 2 million new borrowers, representing nearly 20 percent of the adult population. Many of these citizens had never had a bank account. Now they can save for the future and perhaps even start a business of their own.

　　例如，柬埔寨通过强有力的公私合作关系支持移动金融发展，自2011年来微型金融机构的数量增加了两倍。目前，这些机构已向200多万个新借款者提供贷款，占成年人口的比重接近20%，这些公民很多从未开立银行账户。现在，他们可以通过储蓄规划未来，甚至也许可以自行创业。

　　These are ideas that can work everywhere. But countries have to be willing to partner and learn from each other.

　　这些理念适用于所有国家，但这些国家必须有意愿开展合作并相互学习。

　　That is one of the major reasons why last October, the IMF and World Bank launched the Bali Fintech Agenda. The agenda lays out key principles — from developing financial markets to safeguarding financial integrity — that can help each nation as it strives for greater financial inclusion.

　　这就是国际货币基金组织和世界银行去年 10 月启动 “巴厘岛金融科技议程” 的主要原因之一。该议程阐述的核心原则——从发展金融市场到维护金融诚信——能帮助所有国家，因为其旨在改善金融包容性。