2.从句

　　【定义】从句是复合句中不能独立成句，但具有主语部分和谓语部分，由that、who、whom、when、why、where、how、which、if、although等关系词引导的非主句部分。

　　【起止标识】标记从句时，一定从关系词开始，到以下四种终止。① 到句尾终止，如：Li Hui is a teacher (who teaches English).② 到句中的逗号终止，如：(When I was young), I listened to the radio.③ 到下一个修饰成分终止，如：I will invite Yao Ming (who was a top basketball player) to Beijing. (to Beijing是介词短语，属于另一个修饰成分，故从句的标记在此处终止)④ 到下一个谓语动词终止，如Yao Ming (who was a top basketball player) is studying in Shanghai.

　　3.非谓语动词短语

　　【定义】非谓语动词是指动词在句子中"不是谓语"时的几种变化形式，主要包括动词不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)三类。非谓语动词不能独立作谓语，而是充当句子的其他成分。由非谓语动词开头的、表示一个独立、完整的含义的结构叫做非谓语动词短语。

　　【起止标识】标记非谓语动词短语时，一定是从动词不定式(to do)、动名词(doing)或分词(现在分词doing或过去分词done)开头，到以下四种情况终止。① 到句尾终止，如：Li Hui is a teacher (teaching English).② 到句中的逗号终止，如：(To improve my English), I often listen to the English radio.③ 到下一个修饰成分终止，如：Jack walked into the hall, (waving) to the audience. (to the audience是介词短语，属于另一修饰成分。)④ 到下一个谓语动词终止，如：We, (singing a happy song), rode to school.

　　04两短

　　1.形容词

　　【定义】形容词是指用来修饰名词的单词，往往带有-ous、-y、-ful、-able等后缀。

　　【常见位置】① 一般置于名词之前，如a beautiful park。② 修饰不定代词(something、anything、nothing、somebody、anybody、nobody)时置于不定代词之后，如"一些有趣的事"应译为something interesting。

　　2.副词

　　【定义】副词用来修饰形容词、动词等词，往往带有-ly等后缀。

　　【常见位置】

　　英语中，副词的用法比形容词灵活得多。① 可置于整句之前，如：Unfortunately, he failed to make it.② 可置于整句之后，如：The teacher greets his students individually.③ 可置于"助动词、系动词、情态动词之后，实义动词之前"，如：The princess looks extremely beautiful today. (系动词之后)He immediately saw the black cat. (实义动词之前)He has undoubtedly fallen in love with the princess. (助动词之后，实义动词之前)He can hardly speak anything. (情态动词之后，实义动词之前)④ 可置于形容词或副词之前，如：There is an extremely beautiful garden in our campus.

　　从上面的分析可以看出，虽然英文中形容词和副词的在句中的位置和中文略有不同，但一般情况下，它们较短且易于辨识，对句意理解影响不大，因此在给修饰成分做标记时，形容词和副词可不标记。

　　05平行并列结构

　　1.定义

　　并行并列结构是指由并列词将两个或两个以上含义相似、结构相同的并列项连接起来构成的结构。

　　2.标记方法

　　给平行并列结构做标记的要求是：给并列词加方框，给并列项加下划线。标记时要先找到并列词，然后再找并列项。在标注形如A and B的平行并列结构时，应先找B (即右并列项)后找A (即左并列项)。由于英语中的修饰成分往往置于中心词之后，所以A和B两个并列项后面可能各自带有很长的尾巴，形成"A … and B …"的形式，导致A离and相对较远，不易辨认，而B通常离and很近，容易识别。找到B之后，利用A和B结构相同、含义相似的原则，很容易将A确定出来。

　　3.常见并列关系

　　英语中可以并列的成分有很多，读句子时要注意识别到底是谁跟谁并列。

　　① 名词并列：I like the box placed on the desk and the flowers in your hand.② 形容词并列：Mr. Smith is a kind, patient and knowledgeable English teacher.③ 副词并列：You are supposed to answer the following questions quickly and accurately.④ 谓语动词并列：With the Internet, people can not only play computer games but also do online shopping.⑤ 介词短语并列：And that government of the people, by the people and for the people shall not perish from the earth.⑥ 从句并列： I've finished reading the book (which is written by Mo Yan) and (which you lent me last month).⑦ 非谓语动词并列：Singing and laughing, we headed to the park.⑧ 整句并列：The children can go with us or they can stay at home.