选择城市
| 2018年留学备考规划>>点击查看 | ||||
| 托福 | 雅思 | GRE | GMAT | SAT |
随着OG19的问世，小伙伴们都迫不及待的关注OG19语法部分出了哪些新题?有什么新的考法?老师看完了所有OG19的题目，想告诉大家，如果你刷透了之前OG题目和XDF800题，再看OG19新题，会有一种新瓶装旧酒的感觉。
那么今天老师就带着大家来看一道OG19的新题，同时讲解GMAC老头出题套路 --核心语义转换 。
Heating oil and natural gas futures rose sharply yesterday, as long-term forecasts for much colder temperatures in key heating regions raised fears of insufficient supplies capable of meeting the demand this winter.
(A) of insufficient supplies capable of meeting
(B) of supplies that would be insufficient for meeting
(C) of insufficient supplies that are unable to meet
(D) that there would be supplies insufficient for meeting
(E) that supplies would be insufficient to meet
这道题读完之后，我们会关注到选项之间的差异是 fears 后面加 that 还是of，那么不管加of还是that句子的语法结构都是没有问题的，所以就要关注到语义的差别。
DE选项中 that 从句后面整个句子都是核心要讲的内容，翻译成" 提升了恐惧，恐惧的内容是---供给不足以满足这个冬天的需求 " 。
而ABC中of后面的核心成分只有一个词是supplies，翻译成 " 提升了关于供给的恐惧 " 相比较来说DE表达的语义更加完整我们会优选DE。由于E选项更加的简洁和直接所以最终选择E选项。
通过这道题，引出我们今天想要讲的主题是核心语义转换问题。这是GMAT句子改错出题经常用的手法。首先我们看一道OG18出现过的一道非常相似的题目。
例1
1.The first trenches that were cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence for centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East that were arising simultaneously with butindependently of the more celebrated city-states of southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq.
(A) that were cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence for centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East that were arising simultaneously with but
(B) that were cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, yields strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East were arising simultaneously with but also
(C) having been cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East were arising simultaneously but
(D) cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, yields strong evidence of centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East arising simultaneously but also
(E) cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East arose simultaneously with but
这道题BCD都很好排除，我们就不赘述了，最后剩下两个选项A和E， A用的是evidence for societies， E用的是 evidence that+ 从句，根据我们刚才讲的内容，很容易发现E更好，因为整个这件事情都是evidence的内容，而不是关于societies的evidence。
说到这里，同学们会发现这两道题的共同点都是，同位语从句优于 介词+名词+修饰语，没错~ 就是这个规律! 但，其实核心语义转换的思想不仅仅能够用于 " 同位语从句优于介词+名词+修饰语 " 这个结构当中。 它有更广泛的应用，那就让老师带着你打开新世界的大门吧~
例 2
2. A ruined structure found at Aqaba, Jordan, was probably a church, as indicated in its eastward orientation and by its overall plan, as well asartifacts, such as glass oil-lamp fragments, found at the site.
(A) A ruined structure found at Aqaba, Jordan, was probably a church, as indicated in its eastward orientation and by its overall plan, as well as
(B) A ruined structure found at Aqaba, Jordan, once probably being a church, was indicated by its eastward orientation, overall plan, and
(C) Indicating that a ruined structure found at Aqaba, Jordan, was probably a church were its eastward orientation and overall plan, but also the
(D) A ruined structure found at Aqaba, Jordan, was probably a church, as indicates its eastward orientation and overall plan, as well as the
(E) That a ruined structure found at Aqaba, Jordan, was probably a church is indicated by its eastward orientation and overall plan, as well as by the
这道题很多同学在做这道题的时候，直接因为being把B选项排除了。但其实你如果仔细读语义的话，你会更能了解出题人的思路，运用的就是我们刚才说的核心语义转换。
B选项的主语是A ruined structure ，把found写成了修饰成分，翻译成" 朝东的方向，整体的设计以及工艺品表明了一个毁坏的结构"， E 选项的主语是" That a ruined structure found at Aqaba, Jordan,was probably a church"，整个这件事是主语，翻译成“朝东的方向，整体的设计以及工艺品表明了这个毁坏的结构有可能是一个教堂”。 所以语义上一定是E更优。
例 3
3. The soft drink company’s flat earnings for the second quarter reflect the success of both its restructured global bottling system and the extent to which poor currency exchange rates keep down profits for multinational companies.
A. reflect the success of both its restructured global bottling system and the extent to which poor currency exchange rates keep
B. reflect both the success of its restructured global bottling system and the extent to which poor currency exchange rates are keeping
C. reflect both the success of its restructured global system and the extent of poor currency exchange rates keeping
D. both reflect the success of its restructured global bottling system and to what extant poor currency exchange rates are keeping
E. both reflect the success of its restructured global bottling system and to what extent poor currency exchange rages are keeping
这道题目排除剩下BC的时候，很多同学都抓耳挠腮，不知如何下手。那我们来一起看看。先说C选项，写的是extent of， 所以 extent 后的核心词说的是poor currency exchange rates， 翻译出来就是" 货币汇率的程度 "。
而B选项写的是一个which引导的定语从句，我们把 extent 带入到 which 里，句子就变成poor currency exchange rates are keeping down profits for multinational companies tothe extent , 翻译出来就是" 货币汇率使跨国公司的的利润降低到某种程度 "，这里强调的是 keep down profit 的程度，显然 B的逻辑更优。
例 4
4. The widely accepted big bang theory holds that the universe began in an explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago and has been expanding ever since.
(A) that the universe began in an explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago and has been expanding
(B) that the universe had begun in an explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago and had been expanding
(C) that the beginning of the universe was an explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago that has expanded
(D) the beginning of the universe to have been an explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago that is expanding
(E) the universe to have begun in an explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago and has been expanding
再看例4我们是不是容易选了很多，ABC是说 big bang theory hold 的是整个一件事情，而D说的是big bang theory就是beginning， E说的是bigbang theory就是universe。 优选ABC。由此可见核心语义转换套路也可以运用在宾语从句上。
例 5
5. In late 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza were closed to visitors for cleaning and repair due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizing and fungus was growing on the walls.
(A) due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizing
(B) due to moisture that tourists had exhaled, thereby raising its humidity to such levels that salt from the stone would crystallize
(C) because tourists were exhaling moisture, which had raised the humidity within them to levels such that salt from the stone would crystallize
(D) because of moisture that was exhaled by tourists raising the humidity within them to levels so high as to make the salt from the stone crystallize
(E) because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing
大家都听说过because+从句 一般会优于due to/ because of+ 名词，原因是什么呢? 其实也是这个道理。 E选项整个句子都是原因，而ABD说的都是moisture是原因，语义不完整。
敲重点：
看完以上题目，我们会发现一个规律，核心语义是一件事情一般会优于核心语义是一个词的选项，没错~ 就是这样! 那下面我们在来看几道，核心语义都是一个词的题目~
例 6
6. The World Wildlife Fund has declared that global warming, a phenomenon most scientists agree to be caused by human beings in burning fossil fuels, will create havoc among migratory birds by altering the environment in ways harmful to their habitats.
(A) a phenomenon most scientists agree to be caused by human beings in burning fossil fuels,
(B) a phenomenon most scientists agree that is caused by fossil fuels burned by human beings,
(C) a phenomenon that most scientists agree is caused by human beings’ burning of fossil fuels,
(D) which most scientists agree on as a phenomenon caused by human beings who burn fossil fuels,
(E) which most scientists agree to be a phenomenon caused by fossil fuels burned by human beings,
这道题我们就关注 ABC选项。这道题正确答案是C。但是很多同学在排除的时候，会把C排掉，因为运用简洁原则，认为doing是不优的，就把human beings’burning of fossil fuels 给排掉了。
这里上过我的课的同学，一定记得老师强调的，剩下两个选项我们是先比语义，再比简洁性，一定要记住排除题目的次序!A选项中caused by 后面的核心词是human beings， B选项中caused by后面的核心词是fossil fuels， C选项中caused by后面的核心词是burning。根据语义全球变暖的原因应该是由人类焚烧化石burning这个动作导致的，所以C最准确。
例 7
7. Possible long-term consequences of the “greenhouse effect,” the gradual warming of the Earth’s climate, may include melting the polar ice caps and a rising sea level.
(A) may include melting the polar ice caps and a rising sea level
(B) may include the melting of polar ice caps and the rising sea level
(C) may include polar ice caps that are melting and sea levels that are rising
(D) include melting the polar ice caps and sea levels that are rising
(E) include melting of the polar ice caps and a rise in sea level
这道题我们关注CE两个选项。 很多同学在做题的时候直接根据may和possibly重复排除了C选项。那我们细读一下语义，看看出题人是不是也用到了核心语义转换思想呢。C选项的include后主要说的是 polar ice caps 和 sea levels, E 选项后核心词是melting 和rise。根据语义，温室效应的结果应该是" 冰盖的融化和海平面的上升 "，而不是" 冰盖和海平面 "，所以E语义最优。
例 8
8. Recently documented examples of neurogenesis, the production of new brain cells, include the brain growing in mice when placed in a stimulating environment or neurons increasing in canaries that learn new songs.
(A) the brain growing in mice when placed in a stimulating environment or neurons increasing in canaries that
(B) mice whose brains grow when they are placed in a stimulating environment or canaries whose neurons increase when they
(C) mice's brains that grow when they are placed in a stimulating environment or canaries' neurons that increase when they
(D) the brain growth in mice when placed in a stimulating environment or the increase in canaries' neurons when they
(E) brain growth in mice that are placed in a stimulating environment or an increase in neurons in canaries that
这道题很多同学最后会剩下BCE三个选项，不知道如何排除。我们看B选项的核心词是mice and canaries，C选项核心词是 brains and neurons, E选项核心词是 brain growth和 an increase， 根据语义，前面说 neurogenesis (细胞产生)包括了什么?应该包括的是brain growth 和 an increase 所以选E。
举了这么多例子，同学们掌握 GMAT句子改错中核心语义转换的出题套路了吧~ 在以后的刷题过程中，希望同学们能够多思考，多分析，多总结，加油!
GMAT语法教师：武可
Tulane University(杜兰大学)硕士。 2015年获得新东方美研项目GMAT优秀提分教师称号。 长期致力于语法教学研究，多次参与新东方GMAT项目教研，编写讲义, XDF800题。作为GMAT项目主力教师，有着丰富的教学经验，带出很多GMAT700+学员, 提分幅度在50- 150 分之间。
最新热文推荐：
申请时大学（university）和学院（college）有什么区别
（实习编辑：Lin）
