VIII.International Cooperation and Exchangesin the Field of Nuclear Emergency Preparedness

　　核应急国际合作与交流

　　As a member state of the International AtomicEnergy Agency (IAEA), China has always been, alongwith the other members, dedicated to promotingthe development of an international nuclear safetyemergency system and the sharing of achievementsresulting from the peaceful use of nuclear energy,and unswervingly supports and facilitatesinternational cooperation and exchange in the field of nuclear emergency preparedness.China has launched multi-level and all-round cooperation in respect of nuclear emergencypreparedness with international organizations, including the IAEA, and is stepping upcollaboration and exchange in the field of nuclear emergencies with relevant countries.

　　中国是国际原子能机构成员国，始终致力于同各国一道推动建立国际核安全应急体系，促进各国共享和平利用核能事业成果，坚定不移支持和推进核应急领域国际合作与交流。中国与国际原子能机构等国际组织在核应急领域开展多层次、全方位合作，与世界有关国家核应急领域合作与交流不断拓展。

　　Actively acceding to relevant international conventions. As a permanent member of the UNSecurity Council and a member of the Board of Governors of the IAEA, China lays great store byintegrating itself into the international nuclear safety emergency system. Since joining theIAEA in 1984, China has acceded to a number of international conventions, including theConvention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency,Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident, Convention on the Physical Protection ofNuclear Material, Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Convention on NuclearSafety, and International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism. Underthese conventions, China has always been committed to playing a constructive role inpromoting the establishment of a peaceful, cooperative and mutually beneficialinternational nuclear safety emergency system in tandem with other countries.

　　积极加入相关国际公约。中国作为联合国常任理事国、国际原子能机构理事国，高度重视融入国际核安全应急体系。自1984年加入国际原子能机构以来，先后加入《核事故或辐射紧急情况援助公约》《及早通报核事故公约》《核材料实物保护公约》《不扩散核武器条约》《核安全公约》《制止核恐怖主义行为国际公约》等国际公约。在这些公约机制内，中国始终致力于同各国一道推动建立和平、合作、共赢的国际核安全应急体系，充分发挥建设性作用。

　　Actively fulfilling international obligations regarding nuclear emergency preparedness. Chinasupports the IAEA's leading role in the fields of promoting nuclear energy and nucleartechnology applications, strengthening nuclear safety and nuclear emergency preparedness, andimplementing safeguard supervision. China actively undertakes the international obligationsset out in the relevant international conventions, and responds to each initiative put forwardby the Board of Governors and General Conference of the IAEA. Chinese delegations haveattended all conferences on nuclear emergency preparedness and nuclear safety conventionobligation compliance organized by the IAEA, and submitted national reports on nuclearemergency preparedness and compliance with nuclear safety obligations, taking a responsibleattitude. China has also, on numerous occasions, participated in exercises sponsored by theIAEA within the framework of the conventions. In addition, China has made contributions inthe field of nuclear emergency preparedness to the whole world by recommending hundreds ofChinese experts and scholars in this field to participate in the work of the IAEA. In May 2014China joined the International Nuclear Emergency Response and Assistance Network – an act ofsupport for the construction of the international nuclear emergency preparedness network.

　　积极履行核应急国际义务。中国支持国际原子能机构在促进核能与核技术应用、加强核安全、加强核应急、实施保障监督等领域发挥主导作用。中国积极履行有关国际公约规定的国际义务，响应国际原子能机构理事会、大会提出的各项倡议。中国代表团出席了历次国际原子能机构组织的核应急主管当局会议和核安全公约履约大会，负责任地提交核应急、核安全履约国家报告。多次参加国际原子能机构组织的公约演习活动。推荐中国核应急领域的专家学者数百人次参加国际原子能机构开展的工作，为全球核应急领域合作献计献策。2014年5月，中国加入“国际核应急响应与援助网络”，为国际社会核应急体系建设提供支持。

　　Actively conducting bilateral exchanges. Since 1984, China has successively entered intobilateral agreements on nuclear energy cooperation with 30 countries, including Brazil,Argentina, the UK, the US, ROK, Russia and France, and conducted cooperation andexchange which include nuclear emergency preparedness. China and the US have cooperatedon the construction of the Center of Nuclear Security Excellence in China as a forum fortechnical exchange on nuclear security within the region and the rest of the world. Under theframework of the Sino-US agreement on the peaceful use of nuclear energy, the ChinaAtomic Energy Authority (CAEA) and the US Department of Energy have jointly upheld anumber of training activities, including a nuclear emergency medical rescue training programand a nuclear emergency consequence evaluation workshop. The Sino-Russian Sub-commission for Nuclear Issues was established within the framework of the Sino-RussianPrime Ministerial Regular Meeting, by which both sides conduct exchanges and cooperation inthe field of nuclear emergency preparedness on a regular basis. Furthermore, China has beeninvolved in relevant activities on a regular basis with France and ROK, establishing the Sino-French Commission on Nuclear Energy Cooperation and Coordination with France and Sino-Korean Joint Commission on Nuclear Energy Cooperation with ROK, respectively. In addition toassisting Pakistan in building nuclear power stations, China has conducted extensivecooperation and exchanges with that country in the field of nuclear emergency preparedness.

　　积极开展双边交流。1984年以来，中国先后与巴西、阿根廷、英国、美国、韩国、俄罗斯、法国等30个国家签订双边核能合作协定，开展包括核应急在内的合作与交流。中国同美国合作在华建设核安保示范中心，为地区乃至国际核安保技术交流合作提供平台。在中美和平利用核能协定框架下，中国国家原子能机构与美国能源部联合举办核应急医学救援培训班、核应急后果评价研讨班等多种培训活动。在中俄总理定期会晤框架内设立中俄核问题分委会机制，定期研讨交流核应急领域合作与交流事宜。中国与法国建立中法核能合作协调委员会机制，与韩国建立中韩核能合作联委会机制，定期开展相关活动。中国援助巴基斯坦建设核电站，在核应急领域开展广泛深入的合作交流。

　　Actively expanding multilateral cooperation. China conducts cooperation and exchangewith other countries in the field of nuclear emergency preparedness, pursuing results that arebeneficial to all involved. Chinese heads of state have appealed to the world community tostrengthen nuclear safety and nuclear emergency preparedness management, enhancenuclear safety and nuclear emergency preparedness capabilities and boost the confidence ofall peoples in achieving permanent nuclear security and the goal of nuclear energy benefitingmankind, at the 2010 Washington Nuclear Security Summit, 2012 Seoul Nuclear SecuritySummit and 2014 Hague Nuclear Security Summit. The CAEA and IAEA have organizedvarious forms of exchanges and cooperation, including “Nuclear Emergency Preparedness andResponse under Circumstances of Severe Nuclear Accidents” training sessions for the Asia-Pacific Region held in July 2014 in China's Fujian, which served as a platform for exchangesamong experts from 11 countries and regions. InOctober 2015, China shared its achievementsin nuclear emergency preparedness and response with around 90 participating countries and adozen international organizations, and briefed them China's policies concerning nuclearemergency preparedness at the First International Conference on Global Nuclear EmergencyPreparation and Response. China plays an active role in regional exchange and cooperationthrough such mechanisms as the Asian Nuclear Safety Network (ANSN), Forum for NuclearCooperation in Asia and Cooperation Agreement on Nuclear Technology in the Asia-PacificRegion. In January 2004, China officially joined the Radiation Emergency Medical Preparednessand Assistance Network of the World Health Organization (REMPAN). China itself hassuccessively upheld international academic exchange activities in the field of nuclearemergency preparedness. China, Japan and ROK have established a framework of earlynotification of nuclear accidents and a mechanism of expert exchange for cooperation andexchange in the relevant fields on a regular basis.

　　积极拓展多边合作。中国坚持合作共赢原则，与各国开展核应急领域合作与交流。中国国家领导人先后出席2010年华盛顿核安全峰会、2012年首尔核安全峰会、2014年海牙核安全峰会，呼吁国际社会加强核安全应急管理、提升核安全应急能力、增强各国人民对实现持久核安全、对核能事业造福人类的信心。中国国家原子能机构以各种形式与国际原子能机构开展交流与合作，2014年7月，在福建举办“严重核事故下核应急准备与响应”亚太地区培训班，为11个国家和地区的专家提供交流平台;2015年10月，在首次全球核应急准备与响应大会上，中国与90多个与会国家和10多个国际组织共同分享核应急准备与响应的成就，介绍中国核应急方针政策。中国通过亚洲核安全网络、亚洲核合作论坛、亚太地区核技术合作协定等机制，在地区合作交流中积极发挥作用。中国于2004年1月正式加入世界卫生组织辐射应急医学准备与救援网络。中国持续举办核应急领域国际学术交流活动。中日韩建立核事故及早通报框架和专家交流机制，定期开展相关领域合作与交流。

　　Actively carrying out cooperation and exchange in response to the Fukushima nuclearaccident. As a close neighbor of Japan, China was especially concerned about the Fukushimanuclear accident. It immediately activated its nuclear emergency preparedness and responsemechanism and countermeasures, while expressing willingness to the Japanese governmentto offer radiation monitoring and medical aid by fulfilling its international obligations under theConvention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency. In May2011, at the invitation of the Japanese government, China organized a delegation of expertsto visit Japan to conduct focused exchanges with their Japanese counterparts on the Fukushimanuclear accident, and put forward suggestions for the handling of it. Furthermore, Chinadispatched senior experts to join the IAEA's Fukushima Nuclear Accident Assessment Team toevaluate the impact from the Fukushima accident. In the past four years or so since theFukushima nuclear accident, Chinese government organs, enterprises and institutions, collegesand universities and R&D institutes have conducted various forms of collaboration withinternational organizations in summing up and discussing important issues in relation to post-Fukushima nuclear emergency preparedness. These activities not only have helped Chinaimprove its nuclear emergency work, but also have helped the international community inaccessing experience feedback from the Fukushima nuclear accident.

　　积极开展应对福岛核事故合作交流。中国是日本的近邻，对福岛核事故尤为关切。在第一时间启动核应急响应机制、开展本国应对工作的同时，积极履行《核事故或辐射紧急情况援助公约》国际义务，向日本政府表明提供辐射监测、医疗救护等援助的意愿。2011年5月，应日本政府邀请，中国组织专家代表团赴日本，就福岛核事故进行交流，提出处置意见建议。中国还选派权威专家参加国际原子能机构福岛核事故评估团，开展福岛核事故影响评估。福岛核事故发生后四年多来，中国政府机关、企事业单位、大专院校、科研院所，以各种形式与国际组织合作，总结探讨后福岛时代核应急领域重大问题。这些合作交流活动，既促进了中国核应急的改进提高，也促进了国际社会对福岛核事故的经验反馈。

　　Actively responding to the IAEA's Action Plan on Nuclear Safety. The IAEA published the ActionPlan on Nuclear Safety in the wake of the Fukushima nuclear accident to serve as reference forall countries in improving their respective nuclear emergency work. Consulting the new criteriaand concepts, China has comprehensively improved its nuclear emergency preparation andresponse mechanism by enhancing supervision and technical support for national nuclearsafety and nuclear emergency preparedness, conducting inspections on nuclear emergency workof all operators of nuclear installations, perfecting emergency measures in accordance with thenew criteria and strengthening top-tier design and planning to establish a robust nuclearemergency preparedness capabilities system. China is endeavoring to upgrade its nuclearemergency work to a new level by persisting in using state-of-the-art technology, upholding themost rigorous criteria and enforcing nuclear emergency management in a comprehensivemanner.

　　积极响应国际原子能机构核安全行动计划。福岛核事故后，国际原子能机构发布《核安全行动计划》，为国际社会改进核应急工作提供借鉴。中国参考新的标准和理念，全面改进国家核应急准备与响应工作;充实增加国家核安全核应急监管力量和技术支持力量;全面检查所有核设施营运单位核应急工作，按照新的标准完善应急措施;加强顶层设计，进行统筹规划，建立健全核应急能力体系。中国坚持采用最先进的技术、执行最严格的标准，全面提升核应急管理，努力把核应急提高到新水平。

　　Conclusion

　　结束语

　　China will continue to press forward with the development of nuclear energy as an importantstrategic choice for promoting economic and social development in line with the ideas ofinnovation, coordination, greening, openness and shared development. As long as Chinacontinues to develop nuclear energy, it will never relent in its efforts to further strengthen itsnuclear emergency preparedness. China will spare no effort to improve this work on acontinuing basis to provide a robust bulwark in support of the safe, efficient, sustainable andhealthy development of the nuclear energy sector.

　　贯彻创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享发展理念，坚定不移推进核能事业发展，是中国的重要战略选择。发展核能事业的步伐不停止，加强核应急的步伐就不会停止。中国将不断加强和改进核应急工作，为核能事业安全高效、持续健康发展提供坚强保障。

　　In future, while adhering to the concept of overall national security and the nuclear safetyconcept of rational, coordinated and tandem development, China will take multiple andcomprehensive measures to enhance its nuclear safety emergency capabilities and ensure itsnuclear emergency preparedness at all times. China will continue to place equal emphasis ondevelopment and safety, and develop nuclear energy on the premise of safety, strengthencoordinated improvement in nuclear emergency preparedness and nuclear energydevelopment to ensure that each and every action item of nuclear emergency preparedness isfully implemented. China will persist in matching capacity to demand, meet the requirementsof nuclear energy development in terms of situation and tasks, continuously enhance itsnational nuclear emergency capabilities, and ensure that its nuclear emergency response istimely and effective. Meanwhile, China will persist in domestic and international exchangeby continuing to deepen international cooperation in respect of nuclear emergencypreparedness to promote the establishment of an international nuclear safety emergencypreparedness system with an eye to the future, and share with the international community itsachievements in the peaceful use of nuclear energy. China will persist in giving equal attentionto present and long-term development, keep in perspective the megatrends of nuclear energydevelopment at home and abroad, plan nuclear emergency preparedness in a forward-lookingmanner, and ensure that efforts in respect of planning, preparation and prevention are madein advance so that we can always take the initiative in case of any emergencies.

　　在未来，中国将坚持总体国家安全观和理性、协调、并进的核安全观，多措并举，综合施策，不断增强核安全应急能力，扎实做好核应急工作。坚持发展与安全并重，以安全为前提发展核能事业，使核应急与核能发展协调并进;坚持能力与需求匹配，适应核能事业发展要求，不断提升核应急能力，确保核应急响应及时有效;坚持国内与国际交流，继续深化核应急领域国际合作，推进建立面向未来的国际核安全应急体系，国际社会共享和平利用核能事业成果;坚持当前与长远兼顾，着眼中国和世界核能事业发展大势，前瞻谋划核应急工作，确保筹划在先、准备在先、预防在先，增强主动性、掌握主动权。

　　China cannot develop in isolation from the rest of the world, nor can the world enjoy prosperitywithout China. China will take an active part in constructing an international nuclear safetyemergency system, and join hands with the nations of the rest of the world to tackle theimportant issues facing nuclear emergency preparedness. China has the confidence and abilityto enhance its nuclear emergency preparedness and responses to realize permanent nuclearsafety and achieve the goal of nuclear energy benefiting mankind.

　　中国的发展离不开世界，世界的发展也离不开中国。中国将积极参与构建国际核安全应急体系，与国际社会一道，共同解决核应急领域面临的重大课题。中国有信心、有能力不断提升核应急准备与响应水平，为实现持久核安全、实现核能事业造福人类作出贡献。

（编辑：何莹莹）