专四专八阅读——9大文中常设题处

　　一、篇首、篇尾，段首句(处)、段尾句(处)

　　西方人写文章时惯用演绎法：即文章一开始先给出自己的核心观点，然后具体一步步论证。因此，这类文章的主题句往往出现在首段或段首句。文章的首段或尾段往往提出或总结出文章的主旨或结论。

　　在其他结构的文章中，首段的末句或第二段的首句也是主题句的高发命题点，特别是当文章的首句后出现转折性陈述，而所涉及的主体事物没有发生转变时，那么文章的主题句往往是转折词后出现的与首句相对立的结论。

　　主题句在末段出现的情况相对比较少，只有当文章首句出现了转折性的陈述，而且观点和论述的主体事物均发生了改变，主题句才会在文章结尾出现。

　　【例1】The best psychological place from which to speak is an unselfconscious self consciousness, providing the illusion of being natural. Studies suggest that this state of “flow”, as psychologists call it, is very satisfying.(2008年Text D)

　　100.In the last paragraph the author recommends that ____.

　　[A] you forget about your nervousness.

　　[B] you feel natural and speak naturally.

　　[C] you may feel nervous, but appear naturally.

　　[D] you may imagine yourself to be natural.

　　【解析】选[C]。篇尾设题。最后一段首句提到，演讲的最佳心理学位置是处于无意识的自我意识状态，即幻想着表现自然的状态。由此可知[D]为答案。

　　二、列举处

　　列举处是指用First(ly)…， Second(ly)…， Third(ly)…， Finally …;Not only… but also;In addition;Furthermore;Moreover;Above all;On the one hand …，on the other hand …等表示顺承关系的词语列举出的事实。但有时也会没有明显的标志词，需要通过上下文来判断。列举处是考查事实细节的主要出题点，常出现Except或Not题型。考生在解答时要根据题干和选项中的关键词找到原文中相应的列举处，然后对照原文与选项做出选择。

　　【例2】 When someone speaks of a “jovial mood” or a “herculean effort,” he or she is using words with origins in mythology…Many common words, such as the names for the days of the week and the months of the year, also come from mythology. Wednesday derives from the ancient Norse king of the gods, Woden, and Thursday was originally Thor’s day, in honour of Thor, the god of thunder. As a matter of fact, all the planets, except the one we live on, bear names that come from Roman mythology… (2008年Text B)

　　88. According to the passage, which of the following does NOT have origins in myths or legends?

　　[A] Jovial.

　　[B] Wednesday.

　　[C] Earth.

　　[D] March.

　　【解析】选[C]。列举处设题。本题题干关键词have origins in myths or legends恰好与文章最后一段的with origins in mythology相对应。由该段最后…all the planets, except the one we live on…可知，[C]应为本题答案。本题虽无明显的标志词，但不难看出其他三项的内容在该段的前几句都有被列举到。