单项选择题

　　1、听音频：

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　　回答题：

　　A．The woman should explain to her professor．

　　B．The woman deserves a zero for the field trip．

　　C．The woman is right to be angry with her professor．

　　D．The woman should have gone on the field trip．

　　2、

　　回答题

　　Waste Not, Want Not

　　Feeding the 9 Billion: The Tragedy of Waste

　　[A] By 2075, the United Nations' mid-range projection for global population is about 9.5 billion. Thismeans that there could be an extra three billion mouths to feed by the end of the century, a period inwhich substantial changes are anticipated in the wealth, calorie intake and dietary preferences ofpeople in developing countries across the world. Such a projection presents mankind with wide-ranging social, economic, environmental and political issues that need to be addressed today toensure a sustainable future for all. One key issue is how to produce more food in a world of finiteresources.

　　[B] Today, we produce about four billion metric tonnes of food per year. Yet due to poor practices inharvesting, storage and transportation, as well as market and consumer wastage, it is estimated that30-50% of all food produced never reaches a human stomach. Furthermore, this figure does notreflect the fact that large amounts of land, energy, fertilisers and water have also been lost in theproduction of foodstuffs which simply end up as waste. This level of wastage is a tragedy that cannotcontinue if we are to succeed in the challenge of sustainably meeting our future food  demands.

　　Where Food Waste Happens

　　[C] In 2010, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers identified throe principal emerging population groups acrossthe world, based on characteristics associated with their current and projected stage of economic development.

　　~ Fully developed, mature, post-industrial societies, such as those in Europe, characterised by stable ordeclining populations which are increasing in age.

　　~ Late-stage developing nations that are currently industrialising rapidly, for example China, which willexperience declining rates of population growth, coupled with increasing affluence (富裕)and age profile.

　　~ Newly developing countries that are beginning to industrialise, primarily in Africa, with high to very high  population growth rates, and characterised by a predominantly young age profile.

　　[D] Each group over the coming decades will need to address different issues surrounding food production, storage

　　and transportation, as well as consumer expectations, if we are to continue to feed all our people.

　　[E] In less-devel0ped countries, such as those of sub-Saharan Africa and South-East Asia, wastage tends to occurprimarily at the farmer-producer end of the supply chain. Inefficient harvesting,  inadequate localtransportation and poor infrastructure (基础设施) mean that produce is frequently handled inappropriatelyand stored under unsuitable farm site conditions.

　　[F] In mature, fully developed countries such as the UK, more,efficient farming practices and better transport,storage and processing facilities ensure that a larger proportion of the food produced reaches markets andconsumers. However, characteristics associated with modem consumer culture mean produce is often wastedthrough retail and customer behaviour.

　　[G] Major supermarkets, in meeting consumer expectations, will often reject entire crops of perfectly edible fruitand vegetables at the farm because they do not meet exacting marketing standards for their physicalcharacteristics, such as size and appearance.

　　[H] Of the produce that does appear in the supermarket, commonly used sales promotions frequently encouragecustomers to purchase excessive quantities which, in the case of perishable foodstuffs, inevitably generatewastage in the home. Overall between 30% and 50% of what has been bought in developed countries isthrown away by the purchaser.

　　Better Use of Our Finite Resources

　　[I] Wasting food means losing not only life-supporting nutrition but also precious resources, including land,water and energy. As a global society, therefore, tackling food waste will help contribute towards addressinga number of key resource issues.

　　[J] Land Usage: Over the last five decades, improved farming techniques and technologies have helped tosignificantly increase crop yields along with a 12% expansion of farmed land use. However, a further increasein farming area without impacting unfavourably on what remains of the world's natural ecosystems appearsunlikely. The challenge is that an increase in animal-based production will require more land and resources, aslivestock (牲畜) fanning demands extensive land use.

　　[K] Water Usage: Over the past century, human use of fresh water has increased at more than double the rate ofpopulation growth. Currently about 3.8 trillion m3 of water is used by humans per year. About 70% of this isconsumed by the global agriculture sector, and the level of use will continue to rise over the coming decades.

　　[L] Better irrigation can dram.atically improve crop yield and about 40% of the world's food supply is currentlyderived from irrigated land. However, water used in irrigation is often sourced unsustainably. In processingfoods after the agricultural stage, there are large additional uses of water that need to be tackled in a world ofgrowing demand. This is particularly crucial in the case of meat production, where beef uses about 50 timesmore water than vegetables. In the future, more effective washing techniques, management procedures, andrecycling and purification of water will be needed to reduce wastage.

　　[M] Energy Usage: Energy is an essential resource across the entire food production cycle, with estimates showingan average of 7-10 calories of input being required in the production of one calorie of food. This variesdramatically depending on crop, from three calories for plant crops to 35 calories in the production of beef.Since much of this energy comes from the utilisation of fossil fuels, wastage of food potentially contributes tounnecessary global warming as well as inefficient resource utilisation.

　　[N] In the modern industrialised agricultural process--which developing nations are moving towards in order toincrease future yields--energy usage in the making and application of fertilisers and pesticides represents thesingle biggest component. Wheat production takes 50% of its energy input for these two items alone. Indeed,on a global scale, fertiliser manufacturing consumes about 3-5% of the world's annual natural ga supply.With production anticipated to increase by 25% between now and 2030, sustainable energy sourcing willbecome an increasingly major issue. Energy to power machinery, both on the farm and in the storage andprocessing facilities, adds to the energy total, which currently represents about 3.1% of annual global energyconsumption.

　　Recommendations

　　[O] Rising population combined with improved nutrition standards and shifting dietary preferences will exertpressure for increases in global food supply. Engineers, scientists and agriculturalists have the knowledge,       tools and systems that will assist in achieving productivity increases. However, pressure will grow on finiteresources of land, energy and water. The potential to provide 60-100% more food by simply eliminatinglosses, while simultaneously freeing up land, energy and water resources for other uses, is an:opportunity thatshould not be ignored. In order to begin tackling the challenge, the Institution recommends that:

　　~ The UN Food and Agriculture Organisation work with the international engineering community to ensuregovernments of developed nations put in place programmes that transfer engineering knowledge, designknow-how, and suitable technology to newly developing countries. This will help improve producehandling in the harvest, and immediate post-harvest stages of food production.

　　~ Governments of rapidly developing countries incorporate waste minimisation thinking into the transportinfrastructure and storage facilities currently being planned, engineered and built.

　　~ Governments in developed nations devise and implement policy that changes consumer expectations. Theseshould discourage retailers from wasteful practices that lead to the rejection of food on the basis of cosmeticcharacteristics, and losses in the home due to excessive purchasing by consumers.

　　Elimination of waste alone can potentially provide over sixty percent more food for the growing world population.

　　3、Questions are based on the following passage.

　　For investors who desire low risk and guaranteed income, U.S. government bonds are a secure investment because these bonds have the financial backing and full faith and credit of the federal government. Municipal bonds, also secure, are offered by local governments and often have

　　(36)_____such as tax-free interest. Some may even be (37)_____Corporate bonds are a bit more risky._____

　　Two questions often (38) _____ first-time corporate bond investors. The first is "If I purchase a corporate bond, do I have to hold it until the maturity date?" The answer is no. Bonds are bought and sold daily on (39)_____securities exchanges. However, if you decide to sell your bond before its maturity date, you're not guaranteed to get the face value of the bond, For example, if your bond does not have (40)_____that make it attractive to other investors, you may be forced to sell your bond at a (41)_____, i.e., a priceless than the bond's face value. But if your bond is highly valued by other investors, you may be able to sell it at a premium, i.e., a price above its face value. Bond prices generally (42)_____ inversely (相反地)with current market interest rates. As interest rates go up, bond prices fall, and vice versa (反之亦然). Thus,

　　" like all investments, bonds have a degree of risk.

　　The second question is "How can I (43)_____the investment risk of a particular bond issue?" Standard& Poor's and Moody's Investors Service rate the level of risk of many corporate and government bonds. And (44)_____ , the higher the market risk of a bond, the higher the interest rate. Investor will invest in a bond considered risky only if the (45)_____return is high enough.

　　A． advantages

　　B． assess

　　C． bother

　　D． conserved

　　E． deduction

　　F． discount

　　G． embarrass

　　H． features

　　I． fluctuate

　　J． indefinite

　　K． insured

　　L． major

　　M．naturally

　　N．potential

　　O．simultaneously

　　第36题应填______

　　4、简答题

　　5、哈尔滨国际冰雪节是我国历史上第一个以冰雪活动为内容的国际性节日。节日的开始时间是每年1月5日，根据天气状况和活动安排，持续时间一个月左右。冰雪节期间的哈尔滨各种美，美到像童话世界一样不真实。结伴成群的人四处溜达。坐雪橇、滑冰梯、看绚丽的冰雕。哈尔滨国际冰雪节不仅是中外游客旅游观光的热点，而且还是国内外客商开展经贸合作、进行友好交往的桥梁和纽带。

　　6、“要看中国的五百年，请到北京；要看中国的五千年，请到西安”。看到这句话你就应该知道西安历史的悠久。西安曾是十三个朝代的首都，是中国七大古都之首，更与雅典、开罗、罗马一起被誉为“世界四大文明古都”。数不胜数的文物古迹都向人们彰显它曾经有过的辉煌以及深厚丰富的历史文化魅力。在这样一个城市，你可以感受到中国几千年的沧桑变化(vicissitudes)，以及中华文明的发展和中华民族的伟大。

　　7、书法(Chinese calligraphy)是汉字的书写艺术，也是中国特有的一种传统艺术。中国书法历史和中国文字使用的历史一样悠久。甲骨文(oracle)是现存中国最古老的文字。自从甲骨文发明以来，中国书法的字体经历了数个发展阶段。每个阶段都产生了数量众多的书法家和书法作品。这些书法家和书法作品构成了中国书法的深厚传统。中国书法在古代已经是一门成熟的艺术。很多理论著作是书法家艺术实践的总结，极大地影响了后人的书法学习和创作。

　　8、You should write a short essay based on the following question.

　　Suppose you are going to prepare a gift for your mother's birthday. What gift would you like to choose and why?

　　写作导航

　　1．指出最好的生日礼物应该来自于孩子；

　　2．从母亲无私的爱和母亲的期望出发阐述该观点的原因，即母亲的幸福和快乐源自于孩子；

　　3．进行总结，指出孩子应该长大，学会承担责任。

　　9、You should write a short essay entitled What Electives to Choose.

　　写作导航

　　1．各大学为大学生开设了多种多样的选修课；

　　2．学生出于各种原因选择不同的选修课；

　　3．以我自己为例做总结。

　　10、

　　For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay about the impact of theinformation explosion by referring to the saying "A wealth of information creates apoverty of attention. " You can give examples to illustrate your point and then explainwhat you can do to avoid being distracted by irrelevant information. You shouldwrite at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.

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(责任编辑：田学江)