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核心定位:非谓语动词的考查本质
非谓语动词是六级语法 “失分重灾区”,占语法类考题的 30% 以上,三大形式(不定式 to do、现在分词 doing、过去分词 done、动名词 doing)的核心区别在于功能定位和逻辑关系:
本质:不能作谓语,可作主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等;
关键:判断 “动作与逻辑主语的关系(主动 / 被动)” 和 “动作状态(目的 / 进行 / 完成)”;
考查重点:语法填空(填形式)、改错(辨误用)、写作(灵活运用提升档次)。
核心原则:先定功能(作主语 / 状语等)→ 判逻辑(主动 / 被动)→ 选形式(to do/doing/done)。
一、三大非谓语形式核心功能对比
(一)不定式(to do):表目的、将来、主动
1. 核心功能与示例
作主语(表具体动作 / 目的,常用形式主语 it)
例:To master English grammar is essential for CET-6.(= It is essential for CET-6 to master English grammar.)
作宾语(跟在特定动词后,如 want、decide、hope、manage)
例:She decided to apply for the international conference.
作状语(核心功能:表目的,常用 “to do” 或 “in order to do”)
例:To improve academic performance, we need a scientific study plan.(目的状语,逻辑主语是 we,主动)
作定语(修饰名词,表 “未发生的动作” 或 “功能”)
例:He has a lot of tasks to finish.(tasks 与 finish 是被动关系,但不定式用主动形式表被动,固定用法)
作宾补(跟在 ask、tell、force、persuade 等动词后,“动词 + sb.+to do”)
例:The teacher asked us to submit the report on time.
2. 高频特殊用法
省略 to 的情况:情态动词后(can、must 等)、使役动词后(make、let、have)、感官动词后(see、hear、watch)
例:We saw him enter the classroom.(see sb. do,省略 to);The boss made him work overtime.(make sb. do,省略 to)
否定形式:not to do(置于 to 前)
例:She promised not to miss the deadline.
(二)动名词(doing):表泛指、习惯、主动,相当于名词
1. 核心功能与示例
作主语(表泛指动作 / 习惯,不可用形式主语 it 替代具体动作)
例:Reading extensively is the key to improving vocabulary.(泛指 “广泛阅读” 这一行为)
作宾语(跟在特定动词 / 介词后,如 enjoy、avoid、suggest、give up、be used to)
例:He enjoys playing basketball in his spare time.;She is used to working under pressure.(to 是介词,后接 doing)
作定语(修饰名词,表 “用途” 或 “属性”,相当于 “for + 动名词”)
例:a reading room(= a room for reading);a swimming pool(= a pool for swimming)
作表语(说明主语的性质 / 内容,与主语等价)
例:His hobby is collecting stamps.(collecting stamps = hobby)
2. 高频特殊用法
复合结构:形容词性物主代词 / 名词所有格 + doing(作主语 / 宾语)
例:His being late made the meeting delayed.(作主语);I don’t mind your asking questions.(作宾语)
否定形式:not doing(置于 doing 前)
例:She avoided answering the question.(否定词 not 直接修饰 doing,不可说 avoided not answering)
(三)分词:表主动 / 被动、进行 / 完成(现在分词 doing / 过去分词 done)
1. 现在分词(doing):表主动、进行
核心功能与示例
作状语(修饰句子,逻辑主语 = 主句主语,表主动 / 伴随 / 原因)
例:Walking in the park, we met an old friend.(伴随状语,we 与 walk 主动关系);Being ill, he didn’t attend the class.(原因状语,he 与 be ill 主动关系)
作定语(修饰名词,表主动 / 进行,相当于定语从句)
例:The girl standing there is my classmate.(= The girl who is standing there,主动进行)
作宾补(跟在 keep、find、see 等动词后,表 “主动进行”)
例:I found him reading in the library.(him 与 read 主动进行)
2. 过去分词(done):表被动、完成
核心功能与示例
作状语(修饰句子,逻辑主语 = 主句主语,表被动 / 完成)
例:Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks beautiful.(city 与 see 被动关系);Finished with the work, they went home.(they 与 finish 被动关系,工作被完成)
作定语(修饰名词,表被动 / 完成,相当于定语从句)
例:The book written by Lu Xun is popular.(= The book which was written by Lu Xun,被动完成)
作宾补(跟在 keep、find、make 等动词后,表 “被动完成”)
例:We kept the door locked.(door 与 lock 被动关系);He found the window broken.(window 与 break 被动关系)
3. 分词独立主格(特殊情况)
适用场景:分词逻辑主语≠主句主语,需补充自身主语
结构:名词 / 代词 + doing/done
例:Weather permitting, we will have a picnic tomorrow.(weather 是 permit 的逻辑主语,主动用 doing);The task finished, they had a rest.(task 是 finish 的逻辑主语,被动用 done)
二、易混淆场景用法对比(六级高频考点)
(一)作主语:不定式 vs 动名词
含义区别:
不定式(to do):表具体、一次性动作或目的;
动名词(doing):表泛指、习惯性动作或行为本身;
示例对比:
不定式:To learn English well this semester is my goal.(具体目标,一次性);
动名词:Learning English well is a lifelong task.(泛指行为,习惯性);
形式主语用法:
不定式:常用 it 替代,结构为 “It is + adj. + to do”;
动名词:可直接作主语(doing + is + adj.),用 it 作形式主语较少见。
(二)作状语:不定式 vs 分词
1. 表目的:只用不定式(to do/in order to do)
错误:Working hard, he wants to pass CET-6.→正确:To pass CET-6, he works hard.(表目的必须用 to do)
2. 表伴随 / 原因:只用分词(doing/done)
错误:To be ill, she didn’t come.→正确:Being ill, she didn’t come.(表原因,主动关系用现在分词);
错误:To see from the hill, the village is small.→正确:Seen from the hill, the village is small.(表被动关系用过去分词)
(三)作定语:不定式 vs 分词
1. 不定式(to do):表 “未发生的动作”
例:I have a letter to write.(信还没写,动作未发生);
2. 现在分词(doing):表 “主动进行的动作”
例:a running boy(男孩正在跑步,主动且动作进行中);
3. 过去分词(done):表 “被动完成的动作”
例:a broken cup(杯子已被打碎,被动且动作完成)。
(四)接不定式 vs 接动名词的高频动词(六级必记)
1. 只接不定式(to do)的动词
核心动词:want、hope、decide、plan、refuse、promise、manage、afford、expect、pretend;
示例:She refused to accept the invitation.;He managed to finish the task on time.
2. 只接动名词(doing)的动词 / 短语
核心动词 / 短语:enjoy、avoid、suggest、finish、mind、practise、keep、miss、give up、be used to、look forward to、devote to、insist on;
示例:He suggested going to the cinema.;She is looking forward to meeting her friend.
3. 接两者均可(含义相近)的动词
核心动词:like、love、hate、prefer、begin、start、continue;
示例:She likes to read /reading in the evening.(两种形式均可,含义无明显区别)
4. 接两者均可(含义不同)的动词
forget to do(忘记要做某事,动作未发生)vs forget doing(忘记做过某事,动作已发生)
示例:I forgot to post the letter.(没寄信,要做的事没做);I forgot posting the letter.(寄了信,忘了这件事);
remember to do(记得要做某事,动作未发生)vs remember doing(记得做过某事,动作已发生)
示例:Remember to lock the door.(要锁门,还没锁);I remember locking the door.(锁过门,记得这件事);
stop to do(停下来去做另一件事,接新动作)vs stop doing(停止正在做的事,停当前动作)
示例:He stopped to talk with her.(停下当前的事,去和她说话);He stopped talking with her.(停止和她说话,停当前动作)。
三、六级高频易错点规避
(一)逻辑主语不一致(最易失分)
错误:To improve English, many books are read.(to improve 的逻辑主语是人,主句主语是 books,不一致);
正确:To improve English, we read many books.(逻辑主语 we 与 to improve 一致);
错误:Seeing from the window, the park is beautiful.(seeing 的逻辑主语是人,主句主语是 park,不一致);
正确:Seen from the window, the park is beautiful.(用过去分词 seen,park 与 see 是被动关系,逻辑一致)。
(二)介词后接不定式错误
错误:He is used to get up early.(be used to 中 to 是介词,后接 doing);
正确:He is used to getting up early.;
错误:She is looking forward to receive your letter.(look forward to 中 to 是介词,后接 doing);
正确:She is looking forward to receiving your letter.。
(三)分词与谓语动词混淆
错误:He standing there for an hour.(standing 是分词,不能单独作谓语);
正确:He stood there for an hour.(用谓语动词过去式);He was standing there for an hour.(用过去进行时,分词需与 be 动词连用)。
(四)不定式符号 to 的冗余与缺失
错误:The teacher made him to finish the homework.(make 后接 sb. do,省略 to);
正确:The teacher made him finish the homework.;
错误:He dares not to speak in public.(dare 作情态动词,后接动词原形,省略 to);
正确:He dares not speak in public.;He doesn’t dare to speak in public.(dare 作实义动词,后接 to do)。
四、实战应用:非谓语动词在题型中的考法
(一)语法填空
1. 给出动词原形,填非谓语形式
解题逻辑:先判断动词在句中功能(作谓语 / 非谓语)→ 非谓语:判逻辑关系(主动 / 被动)+ 功能(目的 / 伴随等);
真题示例 1:______ (reduce) pollution, we should take effective measures.(答案:To reduce,目的状语,表主动);
真题示例 2:The project ______ (complete) last year has been praised by experts.(答案:completed,定语,project 与 complete 被动关系);
真题示例 3:She suggested ______ (hold) a meeting to discuss the problem.(答案:holding,宾语,suggest 后接 doing)。
2. 无提示词,填介词 + doing
真题示例:He is looking forward to ______ (see) his parents.(答案:seeing,to 是介词,后接 doing)。
(二)改错
1. 不定式与动名词误用
真题错误:He avoided to answer the question.(修正:to answer→answering,avoid 后接 doing);
真题错误:She decided applying for the job.(修正:applying→to apply,decide 后接 to do)。
2. 分词逻辑主语不一致
真题错误:To solve the problem, effective measures are taken.(修正:To solve→To solve it / We take effective measures,确保逻辑主语一致);
真题错误:Being ill, the teacher asked him to rest.(修正:Being ill→He was ill,逻辑主语一致)。
3. 介词后接不定式错误
真题错误:She is used to get up early.(修正:get→getting,to 是介词)。
(三)写作
1. 用非谓语替代简单句,提升档次
简单句:We should protect the environment. We want to ensure sustainable development.;
复杂句:To ensure sustainable development, we should protect the environment.(不定式表目的,替代简单句并列);
简单句:He spent 3 years studying English. He finally passed CET-6.;
复杂句:Having spent 3 years studying English, he finally passed CET-6.(现在分词完成式,表主动完成,浓缩语义)。
2. 分词作状语,优化逻辑衔接
示例:Faced with fierce competition, college students need to improve their practical skills.(过去分词表被动,逻辑主语一致,衔接自然);
示例:Knowing that English is important, many people keep learning it.(现在分词表主动,作原因状语,逻辑严谨)。
五、高效进步策略
功能定位优先:遇到非谓语题,先判断其在句中作主语、状语、定语等,再根据功能选形式;
固定搭配背诵:每天记忆 5 组接不定式 / 动名词的动词,结合例句巩固,避免搭配错误;
逻辑主语验证:作状语时,必看分词 / 不定式的逻辑主语是否与主句主语一致,这是高频失分点;
真题精练:聚焦近 5 年真题中非谓语考题,标注错误类型(如逻辑主语不一致、搭配错误),针对性强化;
写作刻意练习:每篇写作至少用 2-3 种非谓语形式(如不定式表目的、分词作状语、动名词作主语),替代简单句堆砌,提升语法多样性。