本文为新东方雅思教师冯文辉老师参加英国文化教育协会雅思教师培训课程 (British Council IELTS Teachers Essentials)中一些专业突破方面的心得,与同学们共勉,希望对同学们的备考有所帮助。
新东方雅思教师:冯文辉
一、题型多样,纷繁复杂
作为一门全球通用的语言能力考试,雅思(IELTS)在阅读考试的题型(question types)设置中可谓呕心沥血,机关算尽。从雅思全球官网(www.ielts.org)发布的信息看, 雅思阅读共包含了11种题型,其中漏掉了在剑桥真题和真实考试中实际存在的Classify(归类题),算起来一共整整12种题型,而雅思中国官网 (www.chinaielts.org)只公布了其中的10种。每种题型在形式设计,难度,和考察重点上都不尽相同。比如选择题(Multiple choice)的设置目的是考察学生理解(understand)细节(specific points)和主旨大意(general understanding of the main points of the text)的能力,判断题(TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 和 YES/NO/NOT GIVEN)是为了考察学生的辨认(recognize)具体信息(specific information)和观点(opinions or ideas)的能力,而完成句子(sentence completion)则是要考察学生发现(find)细节信息(details/specific information)的能力,这对雅思考生的备考和老师的教学都带来了不小的困扰。
附1: question types 雅思阅读题型列表
Task Type 1 – Multiple choice
Task Type 2 – Identifying information
Task Type 3 – Identifying writer’s views/claims
Task Type 4 – Matching information
Task Type 5 – Matching headings
Task Type 6 – Matching features
Task Type 7 – Matching sentence endings
Task Type 8 – Sentence completion
Task Type 9 – Summary, note, table, flow-chart completion
Task Type 10 – Diagram label completion
Task Type 11 – Short-answer questions
*Task Type 12 – Classify (雅思官方介绍中未包含此题型)
信息来源: 雅思全球官网 www.ielts.org
http://www.ielts.org/test_takers_information/question_types/question_types_-_ac_reading.aspx
二、乱中有序,杂乱有章
而笔者在长期的一线教学实践和研究中发现,从答题形式和语言要素的角度看,这12种题型中有不少题型之间存在很大的内在关联。比如简答题 (short-answer questions)和完成句子题(sentence completion)题目都是完整的句子(陈述句和疑问句),考察的都是寻找和理解细节的能力(ability to find and understand specific information),可以统一归类为填空题(completion)。这属于比较明显的兄弟题型,可以合并备考和讲解。
受此启发,笔者对其他题型分别进行了对比,最后发现在阅读考试中占比很高的判断题(TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN和YES/NO/NOT GIVEN)和单选题(Multiple choice with single answer)也具有语言上的联系,而句子配对(matching sentence endings)又是根据判断题改编而来。如果考生和老师能够深入了解并将三种题型之间的关联点融入到学习和教学实践中,那雅思阅读的备考和教学将会受到事半功倍的效果。
接下来,笔者就结合实际的考试题目来详细分析一下三种题型在语言要素和考察形式上的联系。
三、判断题:单句为形,信息为本
作为历年考试中的大题(考察频率高,一般稳定在总题量的四分之一左右)加难题(很多中国考试因为判断不清FALSE跟NOT GIVEN而备受困扰所困扰),判断题一直是雅思阅读备考的重点。从官方信息来看,判断题是考察学生辨认(recognise)信息和观点的能力,而从语要素的角度讲,判断题其实就是考察学生理解(understand)单个句子(a sentence),寻找(find)和评估(evaluate)句中信息的能力。
经过粗略统计,雅思出版的真题考题中,所有判断题都是一个独立的句子,其中约90%都是简单句(simple sentence),少数为复杂句(compound sentence)。
为了便于理解,笔者将英文句子分为三个要素,即描述对象(subject 主语),行为或状态 (predicate 谓语),以及补充条件(adverbial 状语)。其中第一要素主语(subject)为句子的描述对象,表示人,物,机构,行为,或概念,也就是who/what(谁,什么);第二要素谓语(predicate)表示主语的行为或状态,即action/state (发生了什么事,或处于什么状态), 而第三要素补充条件则指事情发生的时间,地点,原因,目的,程度,方式等,即when/where/why/how/how often等。在判断题中,通常会有1个描述对象,1个行为/状态,1到多个补充条件。三要素中一般有两个要素为定位点,一个要素为考点。
举例一:(Cambridge IELTS 9, Test 1, Passage 1, question no. 6)
题目:Perkin hoped to manufacture a drug from a coal tar waste product.
要素一:Perkin
要素二:hoped to manufacture a drug
要素三:from a coal tar waste product
原文一:
[要素一] He [要素二]was attempting to manufacture quinine from aniline, [要素三] an inexpensive and readily available coal tar waste product.
三个要素都有,且意思一致,答案为YES。
举例二:C5T1P3Q28
题目:Data on the Earth’s natural resources has only been collected since 1972.
要素一:Data (on the Earth’s natural resources, 介词短语,用来修饰data )
要素二:has only been collected
要素三:since 1972. (补充说明时间)
原文二:First, energy and other [疑似要素一,但data缺失] natural resources have become more abundant, not less so, [要素三] since the book 'The Limits to Growth' was published in 1972 by a group of scientists.
要素一data没有,修饰成分natural resources出现,起干扰作用,要素二been collected完全没出现,要素三since 1972出现,全题属于要素缺失,答案为NOT GIVEN。
举例三:C7T3P3Q28
题目:Problems in Nordic countries were excluded because they are outside the European Economic Community.
要素一:Problems (in Nordic countries,介词短语,修饰problems)
要素二:were excluded
要素三:because they are outside the European Economic Community (补充说明原因)
原文三:
Their initial task was to decide which of the[要素一] many forest problems of concern to Europe involved the largest number of countries and might be the subject of joint action. [要素一] Those confined to particular geographical areas, such as countries bordering the Mediterranean or the Nordic countries [暗示要素三]therefore [要素二] had to be discarded.
此题中,要素一problems通过those(指代词,指代对象在前面)一词定位到前一句,要素一中的修饰成分in Nordic countries在those后面直接出现,要素二were excluded与文中be discarded属于同义替换,而要素三补充了事情发生的原因,是由于outside the EEC,文章中therefore(因此,所以,原因+therefore+结果)暗示原因在前面,文章前面原因是confined to particular geographical areas, 文章原因与题目原因相排斥,答案为FALSE。
小结:结合前面几个题目的分析,大家不难发现,雅思阅读中的大部分判断题都可以按句子结构以三要素的方式划分成多个信息点,这样就变成了多个定位点加一个考点的理解方式,有助于学生从大量的信息中化繁为简,集中关注其中一个信息点,从而轻松解题。
四、单选题 V.S. 判断题:同根同源,青出于蓝
从形式上讲,单选题的题干可以分为两种:整句(a question)和半句(the first half of a sentence),其中半句题占大多数。根据前面提到的三要素分析法,半句式的选择题题干和选项通常可以分为:题干为要素一,选项为要素二;题干为要素一和二,选项为要素三。解题时,题干中的要素一,二作为定位点,而选项则是考点。
于是,单选题就变成了判断题,4个选项就相当于4个判断题(一个TRUE, 三个FALSE或NOT GIVEN)。
举例如下:C6T4P3Q32
[特别提醒: 为了加大题目难度,体现出用判断题方法解单选题的优越性,笔者将C选项中的less likely to改为了more likely to]
题目:
Children who are bullied
A are twice as likely to commit suicide as the average person.
B find it more difficult to relate to adults.
C are more likely to be violent in later life.
D may have difficulty forming relationships in late life.
原文:
B Bullying is clearly unpleasant, and can make the child experiencing it feel unworthy and depressed. In extreme cases it can even lead to suicide, though this is thankfully rare. Victimised pupils are more likely to experience difficulties with interpersonal relationships as adults, while children who persistently bully are more likely to grow up to be physically violent, and convicted of anti-social offences.
可以前面提到的方法,将此单选题变形为4个判断题:
题目A
Children who are bullied are twice as likely to commit suicide as the average person.
题目B
Children who are bullied find it more difficult to relate to adults.
题目C
Children who are bullied are more likely to be violent in later life.
题目D
Children who are bullied may have difficulty forming relationships in late life.
接下来,对应原文,按判断题的方法进行解题。
题目A
Children who are bullied are twice as likely to commit suicide as the average
[要素一] Children who are bullied (要素一为题干,定位点)
[要素二] likely to commit suicide可能自杀
[要素三] twice as …… as the average person 是普通人的两倍
原文A:
Bullying is clearly unpleasant, and can make [要素一] the child experiencing it feel unworthy and depressed. In extreme cases it can even [要素二] lead to suicide, though this is thankfully[要素三] rare.
分析:题目A要素一,二齐全,但要素三twice(两倍)与原文rare (很少)无关,因为发生得少可能是普通人两倍,也可能不是,判定为NOT GIVEN,A选项排除。
题目B
Children who are bullied find it more difficult to relate to adults.
[要素一] Children who are bullied (要素一为题干,定位点)
[要素二] relate to adults难以理解并沟通成年人
原文B:
[要素一] Victimised pupils are [要素二] more likely to experience difficulties with interpersonal relationships [要素三] as adults…
分析:要素一和二都能对应,但题目要素三to adults(跟成年人) 与原文要素三as adults (作为成年人)意思无关,属于NOT GIVEN,选项B排除。
题目C
Children who are bullied are more likely to be violent in later life.
[要素一] Children who are bullied (要素一为题干,定位点)
[要素二] more likely to be violent更易变得有暴力倾向
[要素三] in later life将来,在以后的生活中
分析:题目c中要素一Children who are bully(被欺负的孩子)与原文Children who.. bully(欺负人的孩子)不一致,即要素一没有,这样的话,即使要素二more likely to be violent等于原文要素二are more likely to …be physically violent, 要素三 in later life 对应原文中的grow up to,答案依然是NOT GIVEN, 选项C排除。
题目D
Children who are bullied may have difficulty forming relationships in late life.
[要素一] Children who are bullied (要素一为题干,定位点)
[要素二] 难以与人建立关系 have difficulty forming relationships
[要素三] 将来,在以后的生活中 in later life
题目D与题目B定位到同一句话:
原文D&B:
[要素一] Victimised pupils are [要素二] more likely to experience difficulties with interpersonal relationships [要素三] as adults…
分析:要素一Children who are bullied对应原文Victimised pupils,要素二have difficulty forming relationships对应原文more likely to experience difficulties with interpersonal relationships,但题目要素三in later life(在以后的生活中) 对应原文as adults (作为成年人,即小孩长大成人以后),三个要素都一致,判定为TRUE, 因此答案选D。
小结:
根据上面的分析,大家可以看到单选题题干跟选项合并的话,就等同于四个判断题,因此它们的特点与解题方式从本质上是相同的。
通常,4个选项中会有原文没提到的(无法定位,NOT GIVEN),跟原文相冲突的(一般是要素二相反,含否定词或反义词;也可以是要素三相排斥,即原因不同,目的不同,程度不同等,为FALSE或NO),跟原文约等的(要素一,二,三都一致,TRUE或YES)。要特别小心这样一类选项,即选项本身跟原文是一致的,选项中的谓语(要素二)和补充条件(要素三)在原文中都有,容易误判为选项(TRUE), 但选项在原文所在句子的主语(要素一)与题目本身的题干(要素一)无关,其实属于主语缺失的NOT GIVEN。
五、句子配对 V.S. 单选题:你中有我,我中有你
囿于篇幅,句子配对(matching sentence endings)与单选题(multiple choice with single answer)的关系笔者只做个简要的说明,就不进行解题分析了。
示例:
24 One of the brain’s most difficult tasks is to
25 Because of the language they have developed, humans
26 Individual responses to humour
27 Peter Derks believes that humour
A react to their own thoughts. B helped create language in humans. C respond instantly to whatever is happening. D may provide valuable information about the operation of the brain. E cope with difficult situations. F relate to a person’s subjective views. G led our ancestors to smile and then laugh. |
六、结论:求同存异,化繁为简
最后,希望通过以上的堪称冗长的分析,大家能看出并充分理解笔者想表达的观点,即雅思阅读题型虽多,但各个题型之间却有着千丝万缕的联系,如果我们从词汇,句子,段落等语言的本质上进行进行对比分析,再结合题目的特点、形式以及考察重点,加以归类简化,就能在指导考生备考时不走弯路,不做无用功,简洁高效,事半功倍。
(编辑:罗伟)